Part 5: Giới từ

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 5:
GIỚI TỪ

1. Định nghĩa
Giới từ là từ loại đứng trước danh từ hoặc đại từ để chỉ thời gian, địa điểm, phương hướng, vv…
2. Dạng giới từ
Giới từ có thể là một từ hoặc một nhóm từ:

Giới từ là một từ	Giới từ là một nhóm từ
In under from by with	In spite of regardless of due to instead of in front of

3. Phân loại
Các giới từ trong tiếng Anh có thể được phân thành mấy loại sau:
3.1. Giới từ chỉ Thời gian.

After (sau)
at (lúc)
before (trước)
by (trước)

from (từ)
until (cho đến khi)
in (vào lúc)
on (vào lúc)

Since + mốc thời gian (kể từ khi)
For + khoảng thời gian (trong khoảng)
During + N (trong suốt)
Throughout (xuyên suốt)
within (trong vòng)

Phân biệt in, on, at

at	- Trước thời gian cụ thể - Trước một dịp lễ hội, một thời khắc nào đó.	At 10 o’clock At noon/ night/ midnight At the beginning of the month At the end of the year At breakfast/ lunch/ dinner
On	Trước ngày, thứ, ngày lễ	On Sunday On Monday morning On September 10^th On New Year’s day
In	- Trước thế kỷ, thập kỷ năm, tháng, mùa - Trước các buổi trong ngày - in + khoảng thời gian	in 1990 in the 1990s in September in the 21th century in spring/ summer/ autumn/ winter in the morning/ afternoon/ evening in the end = finally (cuối cùng) in 5 minutes, in 2 days

* LƯU Ý:
KHÔNG dùng IN, ON, AT trước all, every, this month/year, next, last, tomorrow, yesterday, today.
Ex:
I hope to see you next Friday. (~~on next Friday~~)
Tôi hy vọng được gặp bạn vào thứ sáu tới.
Chúng ta ko dùng on cùng với next Friday. Chỉ cần dùng next Friday là đủ.

3.2. Giới từ chỉ Địa điểm/Nơi chốn

Above (trên)
Across (bang qua)
At (ở)
Behind (sau)
Below (dưới)

Beneath (dưới)
Beside (bên cạnh)
by (bên cạnh)
in (trong)
on (trên)
Over (quá)

to (tới)
toward (tới)
under (dưới)
between (giữa 2 vật)
among (ở giữa nhiều vật)

Phân biệt in, on, at

At	- Để diễn tả một vị trí được xác định trong không gian hoặc số nhà.	- at the door / bus stop / traffic lights / party / meeting / desk … - at 69 Tran Hung Dao Street - at home / school / college / university / work … - at the top/bottom of (the page …) - at the end of (the street …) - at the front/back of (the line …) - at/on the corner of the street
On	- Chỉ vị trí bên trên và tiếp xúc với bề mặt của một vật gì đó. - - Với phương tiện đi lại công cộng hoặc cá nhân	- on the door / floor / wall / ceiling / river / beach / coast … - on/in the street, on a page - on a bus/train/ship/plane/ bicycle/ motorbike - on the right / left, on horseback, on the way to (school …) - on the back/front of ( - on top of - on/at the corner of a street ở góc đường
In	- ở một nơi nào đó - Với phương tiện xe hơi, taxi hoặc đường phố. - Trước các đất nước, thành phố, phương hướng.	- in a box/ room/ building/ park/ garden/ bag/ world…. - in a car / taxi, in/on the street - in bed / hospital / prison - in Vietnam/ England/ Hanoi/ the east/ the west/ the south/ the north… - in the front/ back of - in the middle of

3.3. Giới từ chỉ Lý do, nguyên nhân.
-Thanks to: nhờ
-Through: do, vì
-Because of: bởi vì
-Owing to: nhờ ở, do ở
-By means of: nhờ, bằng phương tiện

3.4. Giới từ chỉ Mục đích.
To: để
-In order to: để
-For sb/ sth: dùm, dùm cho
-So as to: để

3.5. Giới từ chỉ thể cách
-With: với
-Without: không, không có
-According to: theo
-In spite of: mặc dù
-Instead of: thay vì

3.6. Giời từ chỉ sự chuyển dịch
-To, into, onto: đến
+to: chỉ hướng tiếp cận tới người,vật,địa điểm.
+into: tiếp cận và vào bên trong vật,địa điểm đó
+onto: tiếp cận và tiếp xúc bề mặt,ở phía ngoài cùng của vật,địa điểm
-From: chỉ nguồn gốc xuất xứ
-Across: ngang qua
-Along: dọc theo
-Round, around, about: quanh

3.7. Các giới từ khác:
From… to/until/ till: từ …đến…
Between … and…: giữa …và…
Against: chống lại, dựa vào

4. Ngoài ra chúng ta còn có các cụm động từ đi với giới từ, danh từ đi với giới từ, tính từ đi với giới từ:
4.1- danh từ đi với giới từ: nouns + preposition:

cause of: nguyên nhân của

The cause of the fire was carelessness.

combination of: sự kết hợp của

A combination of high interest rates and falling demands forced the company to close.

demand for: yêu cầu về

The management has refused to agree to our demand for a 7% pay raise.

development in: sự phát triển trong

People are happy with developments in medicine.

effect of: ảnh hưởng của

One of the effects of this illness is that you lose your hair.

example of: ví dụ về

This church is a wonderful example of medieval architecture.

exception to: ngoại lệ

We don't usually do it this way, but we'll make an exception to the rule in your case.

idea for: ý tưởng về

What gave you the idea for the book?

improvement in: sự cải tiến trong

There has been a significant improvement in the company's trading position.

increase in: sự tăng ở

An increase in crime was one of the most serious problems that city had.

native of: người dân ở

He is a native of California.

part in: một phần trong

The question of cost will play an important part in our decision.

price of: giá của

What is the price of this suit?

probability of: khả năng của

There's very little probability of an agreement being reached.

problem with: vấn đề với

The company has no problems with the management

process of: quá trình của

Coal was formed out of dead forests by a long, slow process of chemical change.

reliance on: sự tin tưởng vào

I have complete reliance on his judgment.

result of: kết quả của

His sickness is the result of the contaminated food.

rules for: luật lệ dành cho

There are rules for driving.

rules of (a game): luật của (một trò chơi)

To enjoy golfing, you need to understand the rules of golf.

solution to: giải pháp cho

There are no simple solutions to the unemployment problem.

source of: nguồn của

We'll have to find a new source of income.

a supply of: nguồn cung cấp

Bring a large supply of food with you.

a variety of: rất nhiều

The shirt is available in a variety of colors.

4.2. Tính từ/ Trạng từ đi với giới từ: Adjectives/ adverb + prepositiom

afraid of: lo ngại

I've always been afraid of flying.

angry at (something): tức giận

They were angry at the way they had been treated.

angry with (someone): tức giận với ai

I was[got] really angry with her.

attached to: đính kèm với

The children are very attached to their grandparents.

based on: dựa trên

He wrote a novel based on fact.

capable of: có khả năng

A force 10 wind is capable of blowing (= able and likely to blow) the roofs off houses.

close to: gần

She was very close to death for a while.

dependent on: phụ thuộc vào

It’s very easy to become dependent on sleeping pills.

different from: khác với

Emily is completely different from her sister.

disappointed with[by]: thất vọng về

I'm disappointed by the way our team played today.

eligible for: đủ tư cách, thích hợp

You have to be employed for six months to be eligible for medical benefits,

essential to[for]: cần thiết đối với

A knowledge of English is essential for this job.

familiar with: thân thuộc

I'm not familiar with current research in the field.

free from: không có

Because the organization is a charitable enterprise, it is free from tax worldwide.

free of: thoát ra khỏi

My doctor told me I would never be completely free of the disease.

identical to: giống hệt

The tests are identical to those carried out last year.

inferior to: thấp kém hơn

They felt inferior to the others until the team's international success gave them some pride.

married to: kết hôn với

How long have you been married to John?

preferable to: thích hợp với

Surely a diplomatic solution is preferable to war.

related to: liên quan đến

Experts believe that a large number of cancer cases in the area are directly related to the new nuclear power station.

responsible for: có trách nhiệm

John is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office.

satisfied with: hài lòng về

I am not fully satisfied with the standard of your work.

similar to: tương tự

I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.

subject to: tùy thuộc vào

Japan is a country subject to earthquakes.

suitable for: phù hợp

The movie is rated R and is not suitable for children.

superior to: cao cấp hơn, giỏi hơn

Manufacturing companies spend millions of dollars trying to convince customers that their products are superior to those of other companies.

surprised at[by]: ngạc nhiên

We were very surprised at the result. He seemed surprised by the question.

4.3. Động từ đi với giới từ: verbs+ preposition

account for = explain: giải thích

The army made no attempt to account for the missing men.

accustom oneself to: quen với việc gì

It'll take time for me to accustom myself to the changes.

agree to (a plan): đồng ý (với một kế hoạch)

Both sides in the conflict have agreed to the terms of the peace treaty.

agree with (someone): đồng ý (với ai đó)

I agree with you.

approve of: tán thành

I thoroughly approve of what the management is doing.

arrive at: đến (một nơi cụ thể: nhà ga, sân bay, khách sạn..)

It was dark by the time we arrived at the station.

arrive in: đến (một thành phố, một đất nước..)

Early humans first arrived in this area over 25,000 years ago.

begin with: bắt đầu với

The word 'cat begins with the letter 'c'.

believe in: tin tưởng vào

I believe in the fundamental goodness of human nature.

caution against: cảnh báo không làmgif

The writer cautioned the newspaper's readers against buying (= warned them not to buy) shares without getting good advice first,

compete with: cạnh tranh với

If a company competes with another, it tries to get people to buy its goods or services instead of the other companies.

consist of: bao gồm

The team consists of four Americans and two Europeans.

contribute to: đóng góp vào

Falling sales in the American market contributed to the company's collapse.

cooperate with: hợp tác với

He said that he had cooperated with the government in its investigation.

deal with: giải quyết, xử lý, giao thiệp, đề cập đến

The second part of this document deals with staff training.

decide on: quyết định

We've decided on a beige carpet for the dining room.

decrease by: giảm (mức bao nhiêu)

His salary decreased by 10 % because of the recession.

depend on: phụ thuộc

The cost of your flight depends on what time of year you go. The city's economy depends largely on the car industry.

divide among (more than two people): chia

I think we should divide (up) the costs equally among us.

divide between (two people): chia

Greg divides his energies between running the company and playing tennis.

divide into (parts): chia thành (các phần)

After World War II, Germany was divided into two separate countries for more than four decades.

escape from: thoát khỏi

A lion has escaped from its cage.

interfere with: can thiệp, xen vào

Even a low level of noise interferes with my concentration

invest in: đầu tư

The company has invested millions of dollars in writing new programs.

participate in: tham gia

She never participates in any of our discussions, does she?

pay for: trả

How much did you pay for the tickets?

plan on: dự định

We were planning on just having a snack and catching the early train.

prepare for: chuẩn bị

Although the crisis seems to be over, we should prepare for a time of troubles.

prohibit from: cấm

Motor vehicles are prohibited from driving in the town's center.

recover from: hồi phục

It took her a long while to recover from her heart operation.

rely on: tin tưởng, dựa dẫm

I rely on you for good advice.

replace A with B: thay thế A bằng B

The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.

respond to: đáp lại

The government has responded to public pressure by abolishing the new tax.

result in: dẫn đến

The fire resulted in damage to their property.

search for: tìm kiếm

Scientists are still searching for a cure for the common cold.

subscribe to: đăng ký

She subscribes to women's magazines and the local newspaper.

substitute A for B: thay thế A cho B

The company illegally substituted cheap bolts and screws for more expensive materials.

succeed in: thành công

The campaign has certainly succeeded in raising public awareness of the issue.

talk about (a topic): nói về (một chủ đề)

He spent a lot of time talking about his hobbies.

talk to (an audience or a person): nói chuyện (với ai)

She talked to her mother on the phone every week,

wait for (something or someone): chờ đợi

The dentist kept me waiting for ages.

wait on (a customer): phục vụ

She waited on shoppers all day at the department store.

Và một số cấu trúc khác nữa:

ahead of: ở phía trước

I'm on the waiting list for a ticket, but there are ten people ahead of me.

along with:cùng với

Why don't you take him along with you when you go?

in charge of: chịu trách nhiệm, phụ trách

Who will be in charge of the department when Sophie leaves?

in favor of: ủng hộ

The majority was in favor of the proposal.

instead of: thay vì

You can have herbal tea instead of coffee if you want.

on account of: vì

She's angry on account of what you said about her husband at lunch.

prior to: trước

He had showed no signs of being in pain prior to(= before) suffering a heart attack and collapsing.

regardless of: bất kể

The plan for a new office tower went ahead regardless of local opposition.

together with: cùng với

That bottle of champagne, together with those chocolates, will make a nice present.

access to: truy cập vào

The system has been designed to give the user quick and easy access to the required information.

add to: thêm vào

Have you anything to add to your earlier statement?

advocate for: ủng hộ cho

Dr. Smith has long been a practicing pediatrician and an advocate for children’s rights.

ahead of time: trước

Let's meet for lunch. I'll call you ahead of time (= in advance) to fix a time and a place.

be aimed at: hướng đến (mục tiêu là)

The government's campaign is aimed at influencing public opinion.

arrange for: sắp xếp

The meeting has been arranged for Wednesday.

aside from: ngoài ra

I hardly watch any television, aside from news and current affairs.

at random: ngẫu nhiên

The librarian took a book from the shelf at random.

at stake: bị đe dọa

Thousands of lives will be at stake if emergency aid does not arrive in the city soon.

at the rate of: ở mức

The car was going at the rate of 40 miles an hour.

at the risk of: có nguy cơ

He rescued the dog at the risk of his own life.

attribute A to B: cho A là do B

The doctors have attributed the cause of the illness to an unknown vii us.

be absorbed in: mải mê, chăm chú

John was absorbed in his thoughts.

be accustomed to + noun/V-ing: quen với việc gì

I'm not accustomed to being treated like this.

become acquainted with( = get to know): bắt đầu làm quen với

John became acquainted with many well-known writers and artists.

be acquainted with: quen với

Students who are already acquainted with one foreign language tend to find it easier to learn a new one.

be apt to: có xu hướng

The kitchen roof is apt to leak when it rains.

be ashamed of: xấu hổ

Oliver Twist was not ashamed of asking for more food.

be available to: có sẵn

It is vital that food is made available to the famine areas.

be aware of: nhận thức về

Is he aware of the price of shoes like those? (= Does he realize that they are very expensive?)

be bound to: sắp

It was bound to happen sooner or later.

be comparable to: có thể so sánh với

A cave is not comparable to a house for comfort.

be concerned about: quan tâm về

I'm a bit concerned about your health.

be convicted of: bị kết án

He has twice been convicted of robbery.

be covered with: được bao phủ bởi

How much of the Earth's surface is covered with water?

be discontented with: bất mãn với

The boys are discontented with their present situation.

be eager to: hào hứng

She was very eager to meet you.

be entitled to: được phép, được quyền làm gì

The one who wins is entitled to the first prize.

be essential to: cần thiết với

The accounting department is essential to the company's organization.

be experienced in (a field): có kinh nghiệm (trong lĩnh vực nào đó)

John is very experienced in repairing cars.

be experienced with (something): có kinh nghiệm (về việc gì đó)

He is experienced with the new computer.

be faced with: đối mặt với

The company is faced with a difficult situation because of the recession.

be famous for: nổi tiếng

Korea is famous for semiconductors.

be intended for: dành cho

That gift was intended for you.

be liable to: có khả năng xảy ra

That glass is liable to break.

be likely to: có khả năng

It is likely to be hot in August.

be noted for: được chú ý đến bởi

Samson was noted for his strength.

be suspicious of: nghi ngờ

Sometimes women are overly suspicious of their husbands.

be willing to + verb: sẵn sàng

I am willing to wait until tomorrow.

beware of: thận trọng với

You must beware of swimming in a strong current.

call on + someone: kêu gọi

We must call on our new neighbors.

call one's attention to: thu hút sự chú ý đến

This is to call your attention to the fact that your account of U.S. $1.000 is still unpaid.

care for: chăm sóc

The nurse will care for him at the hospital.

carry out: thực hiện

He carried out his job well.

come down with: bị mắc (bệnh)

He came down with the measles.

come in first [second, third]: đến đầu tiền (thứ hai, thứ ba)

That horse came in first.

come into effect: có hiệu lực

The marketing advertisement will come into effect soon.

come to an end: chấm dứt

All good things must come to an end.

compared to: so sánh với

Model 312 is the more advanced system, compared to Model 212.

compensate for: bồi thường

The company always compensated her for her extra work,

comply with: tuân theo

He complied with the doctor's order to take a rest.

concentrate on: tập trung

He concentrated on his reading so that he would understand the story.

contrary to: trái ngược với

My sister's taste in dresses is contrary to my own.

count on: tin tưởng

I'm sure that I can count on your cooperation.

deprive A of B: lấy cái gì của ai

The people deprived the cruel king of his power.

difference between: sự khác biệt giữa

The only difference between the twins is that Katy weighs five pounds more than Rebecca.

dispense with: bỏ qua, tha cho, không cần đến

It's so warm today that I can dispense with an overcoat.

divide A into B: chia A thành B

The business organization can be divided into several different divisions.

do without: làm mà không có …

A month after accepting the resignation of its corporate planning director, the company found that it will be extremely difficult to do without him.

exposed to: bị rơi vào tình thế (nguy hiểm, tai nạn..)

Many people were exposed to danger.

familiarize oneself with: làm quen với

Before playing the new game, familiarize yourself with the rules.

fill in: điền

When you apply for that job, you need to fill in the date of your application.

fill out: Hoàn thành đơn

Please fill out the application form, and send it.

furnished with: được trang bị đồ đạc

This apartment is furnished with fine furniture.

get along with: hòa thuận với

The boss should get along with the employees.

get in touch with: liên lạc với

I will get in touch with you wherever I go.

get through: vượt qua, hoàn thành

As soon as I get through with my work, I will join you.

have an effect on: có ảnh hưởng đến

The advertising campaign didn't have much effect on sales.

have influence on: có ảnh hưởng đến

The climate has a great influence on farming.

in[with] regard to: liên quan đến

The teacher wishes to speak to you in[with] regard to being late.

in a row: trong một hàng

There are three houses in a row.

in accordance with: phù hợp với

What he did was in accordance with what he said.

in conclusion: kết luận

In conclusion, I will say that it was an honor to be the speaker at this meeting.

In honor of: vinh danh

The dinner was held in honor of a colleague who was leaving.

in response to: đáp lại, đáp ứng, hưởng ứng

She laughed in response to his jokes.

in support of: ủng hộ

He spoke in support of the proposal.

keep track of: theo dõi

The noise made it difficult for me to keep track of what you said.

make up for (= compensate tor): bù đắp

He reserved a direct flight from Los Angeles to Chicago to make up for lost time.

on behalf of: thay mặt cho

He worked on behalf of his friend.
The lawyer spoke convincingly on behalf of his client.

out of order: hỏng

That air conditioner is out of order.

place an emphasis on: nhấn mạnh vào

The president of the company placed a great emphasis on the marketing campaign.

raise the question: đặt ra câu hỏi

The president raised the question concerning the upcoming merger.

run[take] a risk of: mạo hiểm

In order to win the war, we had to take the risk of offending neutral nations.

run out of: hết

Mother ran out of eggs and had to borrow some from our neighbor.

set up (= establish): thành lập, thiết lập

He sold his business and set up a new one.

Did you sign up for a computer class?

specialize in: chuyên về

Many students specialize in engineering.

stand by (= support): ủng hộ

I delivered a speech to stand by the government policy.

stand for (= represent): tượng trưng cho

The blue bird stands for happiness.

succeed in: thành công

She was filled with the aspiration to succeed in life.

take advantage of: tận dụng

You shouldn't take advantage of his generosity.

take into consideration: xem xét

The judge took the boy's age into consideration.

take turns: thay phiên nhau

They took turns watching the baby.

BÀI TẬP GIỚI TỪ

1. Increasing market share is regarded ----------- an important business objective at McGahern Industries.
(A) with
(B) to
(C) in spite of
(D) as

2. Customer service specialists are available Monday ---------- Friday to answer any questions you may have about your new purchase.
(A) through
(B) in
(C) on
(D) at

3. Over 20 candidates showed up to compete --------- three job openings at the government agency.
(A) for
(B) to
(C) with
(D) against

4. They will not resume supplying the building ----------- electricity until full payment plus late charges has been made.
(A) for
(B) to
(C) with
(D) about

5. After reporting dramatic drops in sales ------------ the year, SuperMart stores finally announced that it will be filing for bankruptcy.
(A) throughout
(B) along
(C) between
(D) at

6. Please call me back by five o'clock ------------- the latest to confirm your attendance, if not, I will have to give your seat to someone else.
(A) at
(B) until
(C) before
(D) up to

7. The president is available to see you ------------- 3 o'clock onward on Monday of this week.
(A) from
(B) at
(C) during
(D) between

8. Eastways Airlines blames the bad weather ------------- the delay in the flight.
(A) from
(B) with
(C) of
(D) for

9. Because you failed to obey the traffic signal at the time of the accident, the damages to your vehicle will not be covered ------------- the insurance policy.
(A) in
(B) through
(C) throughout
(D) under

10. To ensure the two-year free maintenance guarantee, the enclosed questionnaire must be completed and submitted ------------- 30 days of purchase.
(A) by
(B) before
(C) within
(D) under

11. Several employees were speaking loudly ---------- the presentations yesterday morning, and this behavior will not be tolerated at future presentations.
(A) while
(B) during
(C) for
(D) within

12. Foreign corporations that have invested in the country have increased significantly in recent years, largely ------------- the government's tax regulations.
(A) thereby
(B) insofar as
(C) because of
(D) in spite of

13. It is strongly recommended that the government streamline banks and dispose ----------------- uncompetitive businesses.
(A) by
(B) at
(C) of
(D) on

14. After reporting dramatic drops in sales -------- the year, SuperMart stores finally announced that it will be filing for bankruptcy.
(A) throughout
(B) along
(C) between
(D) at

14. Every month, the business club invites a business person who has been noted --------- his or her accomplishments in the local area
(A) for
(B) to
(C) with
(D) of

15. In the event your vehicle is damaged --------- repair, we at Vehicle Locator Services can assist you in locating a comparable replacement vehicle.
(A) between
(B) below
(C) beyond
(D) beside

16. I don't think the supervisor has the right to interfere --------- our private affairs.
(A) of
(B) with
(C) in
(D) at

17. If you default ----------- your payments, the bank will be forced to repossess your car.
(A) at
(B) with
(C) of
(D) on

18. It's really surprising that these pieces of pottery had been buried ---------- the earth for thousands of years.
(A) inside
(B) down
(C) beneath
(D) toward

19. The dream of most salaried workers is to have a vacation at a resort where there are long sandy beaches and shady palm trees -------- the sea.
(A) between
(B) above
(C) beside
(D) across

20. Sales of our new wireless product have already doubled ------------ we attended the hardware trade show last month.
(A) by
(B) before
(C) since
(D) past

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